INGREDIENTS

FUBAR

PRE-WORKOUT COMPLEX — 450 MG

Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)

Camellia sinensis is a natural caffeine source that causes sustained energy increases and is a potent source of antioxidants that combat the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by hard training.1 ROS damage your muscle tissues and dramatically increase the muscular inflammation that can cripple training. By increasing energy levels and exerting a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, Camellia sinensis lets you train insane while avoiding training-induced inflammation.2,3

N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine

N-acetyl L-tyrosine is a precursor to the amino acid L-tyrosine. Research shows that N-acetyl L-tyrosine increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine,4 the brain chemical that gets you focused, energized and strong. This amino acid is also an adrenaline precursor. Adrenaline is a powerful central nervous system chemical that instantly skyrockets your energy levels. Finally, N-acetyl L-tyrosine offsets the effects of insane training so you can train insane without getting burned out.5,6

Caffeine anhydrous

Caffeine anhydrous is the strongest and fastest acting form of caffeine. It stimulates your central nervous system (CNS), causing the release of adrenal hormones that rapidly and sharply increase your energy levels and improve your performance.

Ilex paraguariensis (Yerba maté)

Yerba maté is a powerful South American plant that uses a natural form of the xanthine alkaloid caffeine to increase your energy levels and to prevent fatigue so you can work harder and longer. In addition to dramatically increasing your energy levels, Yerba maté exerts a powerful antioxidant effect that protects against the damage wrought by free radicals and increases fat burning so you burn more fat.

Theobramba cacao (Cacao)

Theobromine is a bitter cacao alkaloid that’s converted by the liver into a methylxanthine, a long-acting centrally acting caffeine relative.7 In addition to acting centrally and increasing energy, theobromine increases energy levels by maintaining cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and preventing it from degrading into an inactive form.8 The maintenance of cAMP helps fuel energy levels and maintains long-term energy highs. Theobromine also preserves muscle glycogen, the immediate energy system fuel resource that powers explosive muscle action. By preserving glycogen and slowing glycogen breakdown, theobromine allows for extended, explosively intense training.

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:

  1. Leenen, R., Roodenburg, A. J., Tijburg, L. B., & Wiseman, S. A. (2000, January). A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr, 54(1), 87–92.
  2. Krahwinkel, T., & Willershausen, B. (2000, November 30). The effect of sugar-free green tea chew candies on the degree of inflammation of the gingiva. Eur J Med Res, 5(11), 463–7.
  3. Wargovich, M. J., Woods, C., Hollis, D. M., & Zander, M.E. (2001, November). Herbals, cancer prevention and health. J Nutr, 131(11 Suppl), 3034S–6S.
  4. Mouret, J., Lemoine, P., Minuit, M. P., & Robelin, N. (1988). [L-tyrosine cures, immediate and long term, dopamine-dependent depressions. Clinical and polygraphic studies]. C R Acad Sci III, 306(3), 93–8.
  5. Banderet, L. E., & Lieberman, H. R. (1989). Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain Res Bull, 22, 759–62.
  6. Neri, D. F., Wiegmann, D., Stanny, R. R., et al. (1995). The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviat Space Environ Med, 66, 313–9.
  7. Baer, D. M. & Pinkston, E. M. (1997). Environment and Behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  8. Phosphodiesterase. On-Line Medical Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-02-23. Inhibitor. On-Line Medical Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.

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PURPLE•K

Kre-Alkalyn™ (Buffered Creatine Monohydrate pH12+)

Kre-Alkalyn is a patented ingredient. It is created through the manipulation of creatine monohydrate whereby preventing it’s conversion to toxic creatinine (kree-AT-ah-neen). The method includes mixing an alkaline powder with a powdered creatine until the pH of the mixture is in the range between 7 and 14. As this process is patented, all other creatines will convert to toxic creatinine. 1

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:

  1. U.S. Patent No. 6,399,661

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Sub#8226;Q

BEYOND RIPPED COMPLEX — 924 MG

BCAAs (Branched Chain Amino Acids)

BCAAs help you Get Beyond Ripped by stimulating cellular energy production1 and norepinephrine release,2 and this increases your metabolic rate and the number of calories that you burn from fat. By increasing your metabolic rate, you not only incinerate existing subcutaneous fat but you keep it off for good.

By maintaining a positive nitrogen balance, promoting muscle sparing3 and promoting muscle growth,4,5 BCAAs keep your metabolism high, accelerate your recovery time and allow you to exercise with increased frequency. This all amounts to more calorie burning and the rapid incineration of subcutaneous fat.

Leucine, isoleucine and valine also help in another way: they suppress your appetite and control food cravings,6 so you’ll be less likely to give into temptation and sabotage all of your hard work.

Razberi-K® (Raspberry Ketone)

Razberi-K (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one) works because it alters fat metabolism in several ways.

First, Razberi-K prevents body fat gain by preventing fat absorption, and then eliminates fat by increasing levels of norepinephrine, a fat-burning hormone. Because of this dual action, Razberi-K burns fat and keeps it off!7

Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion Leaf)

Taraxacum officinale is a strong diuretic and rapidly eliminates excess water from underneath your skin.8

This diuretic effect makes you visibly harder and drier within hours of your first dose.

FAT-INCINERATOR COMPLEX — 627 MG

Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)

Camellia sinensis directly triggers fat loss9 by causing the release of fatty acids from body fat stores and increasing body heat generation (thermogenesis) and the burning of released fats for conversion into usable energy. This further elevates your caloric burn rate. Camellia sinensis also has diuretic properties — it causes you to lose excess water that can make you look fat and bloated. By exerting a diuretic effect, it helps reveal your true vascularity.

Caffeine anhydrous

Caffeine is a tried, tested and true ingredient. It helps to burn fat because it stimulates the release of fat from fat stores. At the same time, caffeine also stimulates the release of fat burning chemicals. Caffeine dramatically increases your energy levels within minutes, enhances your focus and motivation and exercise performance all the while burning fat and ridding your body of excess water that can get trapped under your skin outside of your muscle cells.

Forslean® Coleus forskohlii (Makandi)

Forslean is an extremely effective fat-burning agent. Forslean burns fat fast because it raises levels of cAMP. cAMP stands for cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and cAMP accelerates fat burning by increasing your cells’ responsiveness to fat-burning hormones like adrenaline. In other words, Forslean enables fat-burning hormones like adrenaline to get through cellular membranes more easily where they can exert their fat-burning effects. Therefore, the more responsive your cells are to fat hormones, the more fat you’ll burn consistently. Forslean also increases lean muscle mass10 by stimulating the adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme, and this shifts you into a state of anabolism (muscle growth) and fat burning.

N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine

N-acetyl L-tyrosine is an amino acid that’s a precursor to important neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) like dopamine and norepinephrine and to the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4). By increasing your dopamine and norepinephrine levels, you’ll have more energy, work with greater intensity, use more oxygen to burn fat, and burn more calories from fat stores.

Salvia sclarea (Clary Sage)

Salvia sclarea works to burn fat by increasing your caloric burn and also accelerating cAMP. To accelerate cAMP, Salvia sclarea stimulates sympathetic nerves, increasing adenylate cyclase enzyme activity, resulting in the liberation of fatty acids from fat stores.11 This triggers increased thyroid activity and an increase in caloric burn rate. Salvia sclarea also improves the absorption of nutrients into muscle tissue, potentially resulting in increases in lean muscle mass12 and a further elevation of metabolism, triggering rapid fat loss.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR — 3 MG

Bioperine® Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)

Bioperine is extracted from black pepper and enhances your natural thermogenic activity by enhancing the delivery of nutrients into your bloodstream and enhances the efficiency of nutrient uptake by your body.

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:

  1. Kimball, S. R., & Jefferson, L. S. (2001, January). Regulation of protein synthesis by branched chain amino acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 4(1), 39–43. Review.
  2. Torigoe, K., Potter, P. E., & Katz, D. P. (1999). Branched-chain amino acid-induced hippocampal norepinephrine release is antagonized by picrotoxin: Evidence for a central mode of action. Brain Res Bull, 49(4), 281–284. (31 ref.)
  3. Combaret, L., et al. (2005, December). A leucine-supplemented diet restores the defective postprandial inhibition of proteasome-dependant proteolysis in aged rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol, 1(569[Pt 2]), 489–99.
  4. Biolo, G., Tipton, K. D., Klein, S., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997, July). An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. Am J Physiol, 273(1 Pt 1), E122–9.
  5. Anthony, J. C., et al. (2002, May). Contribution of insulin to the translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282(5):E1092–101.
  6. Volpi, E., et al. (2003). Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 78, 250–8.
  7. Morimoto, C., Satoh, Y., Hara, M., Inoue, S., Tsujita, T., & Okuda, H. (2005, May 27). Anti-obese action of raspberry ketone. Life Sci, 77(2), 19–204. Epub 2005 Feb 25.
  8. Racz-Kotilla, E., Racz, G., & Solomon, A. (1974). The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on the body weight and diureses of laboratory animals. Planta Med, 6, 212–217.
  9. Chantre, P., & Lairon, D. (2002, January). Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine, 9(1), 3–8.
  10. U.S. Patent No. 5,804,596.
  11. Anonymous. (2003). Sclareolide effect on cAMP in two cell lines. Unpublished report by NovaScreen, 19.
  12. Sclareolide from Fermented Sage Extract (FEMA GRAS #3794).

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ZEUS

TEST BOOSTER COMPLEX — 830 MG

Testofen™ Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek)

Testofen is a cutting edge test booster that acts like testosterone and binds to the testosterone receptor sites,1 so you get the same results that you would get if you were to take real testosterone. Best of all, Testofen doesn’t stop your body from producing its own testosterone, as illegal steroids do. And, because it is natural, Testofen is safe.

Eurycoma longifolia (Long Jack)

This herb increases muscle growth and strength while simultaneously decreasing body fat. Eurycoma longifolia increases your free testosterone levels by preventing sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) from rendering your testosterone useless.2

Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root)

Rhodiola rosea is a clinically proven anabolic muscle builder3 that increases protein synthesis and muscle growth. Also, Rhodiola rosea speeds exercise recovery and reduces levels of the muscle-destroying hormone cortisol.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR – 2 MG

Bioperine® Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)

To get the most benefit out of the above testosterone-boosting agents, you must maximize their absorption. Bioperine is an ingredient that is clinically shown to increase the absorption and effectiveness of nutritional supplements. Bioperine increases the efficiency of absorption so you get better results with no waste.4

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:

  1. Gencor Pacific Inc. (2005). The effects of Testofen in animal studies for testosterone boosting, libido enhancement, and muscle mass enhancement. Testofen is a trademark owned by Gencor Pacific Inc., USA.
  2. Ang, H. H., & Cheang, H. S. (2001, October). Effects of Eurycoma longifolia jack on laevator ani muscle in both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats. Arch Pharm Res, 24(5), 437–40.
  3. S Seifulla. (1999). The effects of Rhodiola rosea as a safe, effective, non-steroid supplement to enhance performance and accelerate muscle recovery.
  4. Majeed, M., Badmaev, V., & Rajendran, R. (1996, July 16). The use of Piperine to increase the bio-availability of nutritional compound. Bioperine is a trademark of Sabinsa Corporation.

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SHUT•EYE

MUSCLE SLEEP COMPLEX — 367 MG

Seditol™

This patented formula (No. 6,582,735 & 6,814,987 ) of Magnolia officinalis and Ziziphus spinosa has been scientifically documented both safe and effective. Seditol promotes sleep onset and sleep maintenance by binding to adenosine A1 and GABA receptors, putting you in a deeply relaxed and drowsy state so it’s easy to get to sleep. Additionally, Seditol reduces cortisol secretion and muscle-wasting potential. Research studies show that Seditol induces drowsiness in up to 91% of study participants.1

Melatonin

Melatonin is made naturally by your pineal gland, but training disrupts its production, and this can leave you awake at night and in the “no-growth” zone.2 The melatonin in SHUT•EYE helps regulate your circadian rhythms and to reset your natural biological clock, so you can get to sleep faster and stay asleep longer.3

MUSCLE GROWTH COMPLEX – 1600 MG

L-Arginine

This amino acid intensifies your nitric oxide production through a process called nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is critical for increasing your blood circulation and enhancing oxygen and nutrient-rich blood delivery to your muscles. Nitric oxide also increases your brain-dopamine levels, thereby enhancing your in-gym mind-muscle connection that’s critical for growth. But the most powerful action of L-arginine is that it stimulates growth hormone production and circulation during sleep.4

By increasing blood circulation and increasing the delivery of oxygen and nutrient rich blood while simultaneously increasing growth hormone secretion, L-arginine helps maximize muscle sleep anabolism.

L-Ornithine

L-ornithine is an amino acid produced by your body that works with L-arginine to increase L-arginine biosynthesis efficiency and human growth hormone secretions. In addition to its effects on L-arginine and growth hormone, L-ornithine stimulates fatty acid oxidation.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR – 3 MG

Bioperine™ Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)

Bioperine is extracted from black pepper and enhances your natural thermogenic activity by enhancing the delivery of nutrients into your bloodstream and enhances the efficiency of nutrient uptake by your body.

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES

  1. Next Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2006). Seditol human clinical trial.
  2. Attenburrow, M. E. J., Dowling, B. A., Sharpley, A. L., & Cowen, P. J. (1996). Case-control study of evening melatonin concentration in primary insomnia. BMJ, 312, 1263–4.
  3. Arendt, J. (1997). Safety of melatonin in long-term use. J Biol Rhythms, 12, 673–81.
  4. Alba-Roth, J., Muller, O. A., Schopohl, J. & von Werder, K. (1988). Arginine stimulates growth hormone secretion by suppressing endogenous somatostatin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67, 1186–1189.

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SLEEPING•GIANT

TEST BOOSTER COMPLEX — 830 MG

Testofen™ Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek)

Testofen is a cutting edge test booster that acts like testosterone and binds to the testosterone receptor sites,1 so you get the same results that you would get if you were to take real testosterone. Best of all, Testofen doesn’t stop your body from producing its own test like illegal steroids do. And, because it is natural, Testofen is safe.

Eurycoma longifolia (Long Jack)

This herb increases muscle growth and strength while simultaneously decreasing body fat. Eurycoma longifolia increases your free testosterone levels by preventing sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) from rendering your testosterone useless.2

Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root)

Rhodiola rosea is a clinically proven anabolic muscle builder3 that increases protein synthesis and muscle growth. Also, Rhodiola rosea speeds exercise recovery and reduces levels of the muscle destroying hormone cortisol.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR – 2 MG

Bioperine® Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)

To get the most benefit out of the above testosterone boosting agents, you must maximize their absorption. Bioperine is an ingredient that is clinically shown to increase the absorption and effectiveness of nutritional supplements. Bioperine increases the efficiency of absorption so you get better results with no waste.4

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:

  1. Gencor Pacific Inc. (2005). The effects of Testofen in animal studies for testosterone boosting, libido enhancement, and muscle mass enhancement. Testofen is a trademark owned by Gencor Pacific Inc., USA.
  2. Ang, H. H., & Cheang, H. S. (2001, October). Effects of Eurycoma longifolia jack on laevator ani muscle in both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats. Arch Pharm Res, 24(5), 437–40.
  3. Seifulla. (1999). The effects of Rhodiola rosea as a safe, effective, non-steroid supplement to enhance performance and accelerate muscle recovery.
  4. Majeed, M., Badmaev, V., & Rajendran, R. (1996, July 16). The use of Piperine to increase the bio-availability of nutritional compound. Bioperine is a trademark of Sabinsa Corporation.

MUSCLE SLEEP COMPLEX — 367 MG

Seditol™

This patented formula (No. 6,582,735 & 6,814,987 ) of Magnolia officinalis and Ziziphus spinosa has been scientifically documented both safe and effective. Seditol promotes sleep onset and sleep maintenance by binding to adenosine A1 and GABA receptors, putting you in a deeply relaxed and drowsy state so it’s easy to get to sleep. Additionally, Seditol reduces cortisol secretion and muscle-wasting potential. Research studies show that Seditol induces drowsiness in up to 91% of study participants.1

Melatonin

Melatonin is made naturally by your pineal gland, but training disrupts its production, and this can leave you awake at night and in the “no-growth” zone.2 The melatonin in SHUT•EYE helps regulate your circadian rhythms and to reset your natural biological clock, so you can get to sleep faster and stay asleep longer.3

MUSCLE GROWTH COMPLEX – 1600 MG

L-Arginine

This amino acid intensifies your nitric oxide production through a process called nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is critical for increasing your blood circulation and enhancing oxygen and nutrient-rich blood delivery to your muscles. Nitric oxide also increases your brain-dopamine levels, thereby enhancing your in-gym mind-muscle connection that’s critical for growth. But the most powerful action of L-arginine is that it stimulates growth hormone production and circulation during sleep.4

By increasing blood circulation and increasing the delivery of oxygen and nutrient rich blood while simultaneously increasing growth hormone secretion, L-arginine helps maximize muscle sleep anabolism.

L-Ornithine

L-ornithine is an amino acid produced by your body that works with L-arginine to increase L-arginine biosynthesis efficiency and human growth hormone secretions. In addition to its effects on L-arginine and growth hormone, L-ornithine stimulates fatty acid oxidation.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR — 3 MG

Bioperine™ Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)

Bioperine is extracted from black pepper and enhances your natural thermogenic activity by enhancing the delivery of nutrients into your bloodstream and enhances the efficiency of nutrient uptake by your body.

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES

  1. Next Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2006). Seditol human clinical trial.
  2. Attenburrow, M. E. J., Dowling, B. A., Sharpley, A. L., & Cowen, P. J. (1996). Case-control study of evening melatonin concentration in primary insomnia. BMJ, 312, 1263–4.
  3. Arendt, J. (1997). Safety of melatonin in long-term use. J Biol Rhythms, 12, 673–81.
  4. Alba-Roth, J., Muller, O. A., Schopohl, J., & von Werder, K. (1988). Arginine stimulates growth hormone secretion by suppressing endogenous somatostatin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67, 1186–1189.

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AGENT•M

MUSCLE MECHANIC COMPLEX – 8000 mg

Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) consist of leucine, isoleucine and valine.

Branched-chain amino acids stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth.1

During exercise, BCAAs keep your testosterone levels high and give you energy, and this prevents muscle breakdown during exercise.2 BCAAs also give you more energy by triggering the release of norepinephrine, so you can work harder and to your full limit.3

After a workout, BCAAs speed your recovery by triggering insulin release4 and reducing pain and muscle inflammation,5 ultimately pushing you back into a muscle-building anabolic state.6

Arginine

Arginine, an amino acid that produces nitric oxide and muscle pumps, is highly effective and works in synergy with BCAAs to dramatically stop muscle breakdown cold.7

MUSCLE INFLAMMATION COMPLEX – 500 mg

Exclzyme® EN – Enteric Coated Systemic Enzymes

Exclzyme EN’s specialized systemic enzymes are clinically proven to make your immune system stronger8 and to dramatically speed your recovery, getting you bigger and faster in record time!9

After a hard workout, pro-inflammatory chemicals prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) amplify the inflammation caused by a hard workout, and this causes excessive cortisol release – and muscle breakdown.

Exclzyme EN’s specialized systemic enzymes are proven to decrease PGE-2 and IL-6 activity,4,2 and this leads to dramatically lower cortisol secretions and an astounding 65% reduction of inflammation.10 This helps prevent delayed onset muscle soreness (D.O.M.S.) and ensures that you keep the muscle you have and build more faster than ever!

To help enhance absorption and effectiveness, the Exclzyme in AGENT•M is enteric coated. This specialized coating uses an altered pH level to prevent ingredient breakdown in stomach acids, ensuring that virtually 100% of every dose is delivered to your muscles intact.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR – 3 mg

Bioperine® Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)

Bioperine contains 95% piperine. Piperine is clinically proven to give you more bang for your buck by increasing enzyme absorption and effectiveness by as much as 60%.11

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES

  1. Blomstrand E., et al (2006 January). Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. J Nutr, 136(1 Suppl),269S-73S.
  2. Kraemer W. J., et al (2006 March). The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormone responses to resistance training overreaching. Metabolism, 55(3),282-91.
  3. Torigoe K., Potter P. E., Katz D. P. (1999). Branched-chain amino acid-induced hippocampal norepinephrine release is antagonized by picrotoxin: Evidence for a central mode of action. Brain Res Bull, 49(4), 281-284, (31 ref).
  4. Keller C., Steensberg A., Hansen A. K., Fischer C. P., Plomgaard P., Pedersen B. K. (2005 December). Effect of exercise, training, and glycogen availability on IL-6 receptor expression in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 99(6), 2075-9. Epub 2005 Aug 11.
  5. Papers presented at the American College of Sports Medicine annual meeting, June 2007.
  6. Paddon-Jones D., et al (2004 March). Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 286(3), E321-8.
  7. Matsumoto K., et al (2007). Branched-chain amino acids and arginine supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle proteolysis induced by moderate exercise in young individuals. Int J Sports Med, 28, 531-538.
  8. Paddon-Jones D., et al (2003 May). Hypercortisolemia alters muscle protein anabolism following ingestion of essential amino acids. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284(5), E946-53.
  9. Vellini M., Desideri D., Milanese A., et al (1986). Possible involvement of eicosanoids in the pharmacological action of bromelain. Drug Res, 36, 110-112.
  10. Miller P. C., et al (2004). The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and D.O.M.S. following downhill running. J Sport Sci, 22, 365-372.
  11. Velpandian T., Jasuja R., Bhardwaj R. K., Jaiswal J., Gupta S. K. (2001 October). Piperine in food: interference in the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 26(4), 241-7.

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OMEGA•OIL

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID COMPLEX – 1000 mg

The sole ingredients in OMEGA•OIL are a natural blend of three types of fish oil – sardine, mackerel and salmon body. This blend provides a ratio of two parts eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to one part docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Studies of both of these omega-3 essential fatty acids suggest numerous health benefits.

  • less inflammation1,2
  • better blood flow3
  • better range of motion4
  • prevention and lowering of insulin resistance5,6,7
  • improved cardiovascular and metabolic health8
  • preserved lean body mass9
  • reduced body fat6,8,10
  • increased mood quality11,12

OMEGA•OIL uses only fish oil, as fish oil has been shown to significantly increase EPA and DHA concentrations in the blood, unlike flaxseed oil, which raises only EPA levels and leaves DHA levels unaffected. Also, when fish oils are taken, the total omega-3 composition of red blood cells increases much faster than when flax oil is taken, even when six times as much flax oil is consumed.13

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES

  1. He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Jenny NS, Mayer-Davis E, Jiang R, et al. Associations of dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish with biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]). Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(9):1238-43.
  2. Arita M, Bianchini F, Aliberti J, Sher A, Chiang N, Hong S, Yang R, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. Stereochemical assignment, anti-inflammatory properties, and receptor for the omega-3 lipid mediator resolvin E1. J Exp Med. 2005;201(5):713-22.
  3. Heller A, Koch T. Immunonutrition with omega-3-fatty acids. Are new anti-inflammatory strategies in sight? [in German]. Zentralbl Chir. (2000);125(2):123-36.
  4. Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(2):115-9.
  5. González-Périz A, Horrillo R, Ferré N, Gronert K, Dong B, Morán-Salvador E, Titos E, Martínez-Clemente M, López-Parra M, Arroyo V, Clària J. Obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis are alleviated by omega-3 fatty acids: a role for resolvins and protectins. FASEB J. 2009;23(6):1946-57.
  6. Rokling-Andersen MH, Rustan AC, Wensaas AJ, Kaalhus O, Wergedahl H, Røst TH, Jensen J, Graff BA, Caesar R, Drevon CA. Marine n-3 fatty acids promote size reduction of visceral adipose depots, without altering body weight and composition, in male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr. 2009;28:1-12.
  7. Fedor D, Kelley DS. Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(2):138-46.
  8. Brilla LR, Landerholm TE. Effect of fish oil supplementation and exercise on serum lipids and aerobic fitness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1990;30(2):173-80.
  9. Ryan AM, Reynolds JV, Healy L, Byrne M, Moore J, Brannelly N, McHugh A, McCormack D, Flood P. Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2009;249(3):355-63.
  10. Buckley JD, Howe PR. Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obes Rev. 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
  11. Trivedi B. The good, the fad, and the unhealthy. New Scientist. 2006 Sept 23;191(2570):42-49.
  12. Puri BK. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging sinc-interpolation-based subvoxel registration and semi-automated quantitative lateral ventricular morphology employing threshold computation and binary image creation in the study of fatty acid interventions in schizophrenia, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome and Huntington’s disease. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;18(2):149-54.
  13. Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Othman R, Moghadasian MH, Kashour T, Friel JK. Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(3):801-9.

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GLUTAMEND

GLUTAMEND was scientifically formulated to deliver appreciable, reliable results. Each ingredient was chosen for its research-proven ability to help bodybuilders like you to achieve results.

GLUTAMINE — 5000 mg

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body, and it makes up approximately 60 percent of the total free amino acid pool.1 Glutamine is classified as a non-essential amino acid for the general population and a semi-essential amino acid for athletes. Training volume, frequency and intensity determine each bodybuilder’s individual glutamine requirements. Scientific consensus supports glutamine supplementation for bodybuilders and athletes who train intensely and frequently.

Glutamine is used to manufacture glucose in your liver from free amino acids via a process called gluconeogenesis. Because glutamine is the most present amino acid in human blood and is the predominant free amino acid pool constituent, it’s the amino acid of choice for glucose creation. This makes it a bodybuilder’s first line of defense against the muscle-tissue breakdown that typically follows glycogen and glucose depletion and deficit following hard training. Research shows that intense bodybuilding training depletes glutamine concentrations by as much as 40 percent, pushing most bodybuilders into a state of deficiency and muscle catabolism.2 Glutamine supplementation helps offset these harmful effects.

Glutamine is also important in several key metabolic processes of the immune system. Added glutamine augments the functions of the white blood cells lymphocytes and macrophages, and it increases the bacterial killing function of the most abundant type of white blood cells, neutrophils. Glutamine is thought to be useful for preventing and treating severe infection in critical illness and trauma.3

Glutamine aids in anabolism and muscle growth – two related but separate processes – by maintaining positive nitrogen balance and stimulating growth hormone release.4 In addition to its hormonal effects on growth hormone, research shows that glutamine also exerts direct anabolic activity by fueling muscle fiber division and growth of up to 400 percent in even the most challenging physical conditions.5

In addition to offsetting catabolism resulting from insufficient levels of available glutamine, glutamine supplementation also aids anabolism and muscle growth by enhancing digestive efficiency. Glutamine is important for your intestines’ health and function.6 It’s the principal fuel for cells in the small intestine, and use of glutamine supplements has been shown to increase the number and size of intestinal cells.7 Healthy intestines mean better digestion, and better digestion increases caloric and nutrient yield. By enhancing digestive efficiency and increasing total nutrient extraction, glutamine dramatically speeds recovery and muscle growth, simultaneously initiating tissue repair at the muscle site.8

MUSCLE FUNCTION COMPLEX — 249 mg

Calcium Carbonate — 177 mg

Calcium is essential for correct nerve function and muscular contraction. Calcium plays an essential role in nerve function and nerve-firing mediation and therefore aids the muscle-building action of glutamine. Whereas calcium aids in muscle contraction, glutamine follows up to maximize that contraction through providing the optimal anabolic environment. Animal research suggests that calcium further aids glutamine activity by mediating nerve function and brain glutamine usage.9 Calcium also aids in maintaining bone, the underlying skeletal structure upon which you build muscle. Strong bones support strong, functional muscles.

Magnesium citrate — 70 mg

Magnesium aids muscle growth by fueling new cell formation, activating B vitamin activity and increasing circulation and digestive efficiency, and it plays a role in generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fuel source for cells. Magnesium and calcium work together to mediate muscular contraction and nerve responses to exercise. While calcium is critical for the transmission of nerve signals and muscular contraction, magnesium works to induce a relaxed muscle response. Research supports magnesium citrate as the ideal form of magnesium for supplementation, as it’s quickly absorbed.10 By aiding digestion, activating anabolic B vitamins and mediating muscle function, magnesium aids in protein synthesis and the construction of new muscle tissue.11

Vitamin D3 — 2 mg

Vitamin D3 is essential for hormone manufacture and for maintaining a strong cardiovascular system, a system that circulates oxygen and nutrients to your hard-working muscles. Vitamin D3 helps sustain high levels of blood calcium, ensuring correct muscular contraction to fuel and sustain increasingly intense muscular activity over progressively long periods of time. By helping sustain blood calcium levels, Vitamin D3 increases workout performance and your total muscular endurance capacity.

ABSORPTION INITIATOR — 1 mg

Bioperine®

The amount of a supplement absorbed can be low for various factors, including sex, age, personal fitness and health profile, and more. For example, research shows that the oral absorption rate of enzymes is low, at approximately 40 percent.12 Other supplement ingredients can have similar absorption rates. Bioperine®, which contains piperine, can enhance the absorption rate of all supplements dramatically. One study shows that piperine increases the absorption of selected supplement ingredients in humans by as much as 65 percent.13

References

  1. Bergström J, Fürst P, Norée LO, Vinnars E. Intracellular free amino acid concentration in human muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1974 Jun;36(6):693-7.
  2. Newsholme EA. Biochemical mechanisms to explain immunosuppression in well-trained and overtrained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1994 Oct;15 Suppl 3:S142-7.
  3. Saito H, Furukawa S, Matsuda T. Glutamine as an immunoenhancing nutrient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S59-61.
  4. Welbourne TC. Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 May; 61(5):1058-1061.
  5. Shabert JK, Winslow C, Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition. 1999 (Nov-Dec);15(11-12):860-864.
  6. Buchman AL. Glutamine for the gut: mystical properties or an ordinary amino acid? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 1999 Oct;1(5):417-23.
  7. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev. 1999 Aug;4(4):239-48.
  8. Smith RJ. Glutamine metabolism and its physiologic importance. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990 Jul-Aug);14(4 Suppl):40S-44S.
  9. Ghishan FK, Sutter W, Said H, Leonard D, Pietsch J, Abumrad N. Glutamine transport by rat basolateral membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Feb 13;979(1):77-81.
  10. Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY. Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990 Feb;9(1):48-55.
  11. Saris NE, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A. Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical, and analytical aspects. Clin Chim Acta. 2000 Apr;294(1-2):1-26.
  12. Miller PC, Bailey SP, Barnes ME, Derr SJ, Hall EE. The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running. J Sports Sci. 2004 Apr;22(4):365-372.
  13. Velpandian T, Jasuja R, Bhardwaj RK, Jaiswal J, Gupta SK. Piperine in food: interference in the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2001 Oct-Dec;26(4):241-7.

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